Addiction is a medical condition that affects both the brain and behavior. It is characterized by an overwhelming compulsion to engage in certain activities or consume substances, despite the negative consequences. It’s often referred to as a “chronic, relapsing brain disease” because of the way it alters brain function, particularly in areas responsible for decision-making, behavior, and memory.
There are two main types of addiction:
- Substance Addiction: This involves an addiction to substances like alcohol, prescription medications, nicotine, or illicit drugs (e.g., heroin, cocaine).
- Behavioral Addiction: This type includes compulsive behaviors, such as gambling, gaming, eating, or even exercise.
Both forms of addiction hijack the brain’s reward system, making the person feel that they need the substance or behavior to experience pleasure or to cope with emotional distress. Even though these substances or behaviors cause harm, the addict may feel unable to stop.
How Addiction Affects the Brain:
Addiction works by altering the brain’s reward system. When a person repeatedly uses a substance or engages in a behavior, the brain increases the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. Over time, the brain becomes reliant on these substances or behaviors to feel “normal.” This makes it difficult to stop, even if the person truly wants to. The brain adapts to the addiction, requiring more of the substance or behavior to achieve the same pleasurable effects.